Agenda

Investors and the country's economic dependence on China in February has become increasingly concerned about the direction our country's economic worries. Monetary policy and the misallocation of resources means that current growth is expected to tighten is not sustainable.

Understanding of economic inflation

Determine the inflation rate is in the general price level continued to rise. This means that, in life and the people need more money to purchase the same goods would be increased costs.

How is a measure of inflation?

In order to measure inflation, government price surveys and investigations to find out, a typical shopping basket.

The first thing to do government, if inflation, a typical basket of goods measured was found. ThisBe able to share the goods, depending on their influence. For example, 12%, the total cost of gasoline account for the basket. Spending on clothing, 7% and 1% of mineral water costs. Which, of course, if gasoline prices rise, it will be even more important is the mineral water.

Every month, the Government will review the prices. The number of price changes will mulitiplied by commodity. These can be in the price index, the example in the UK will be convertedConsumer Price Index CPI is to use.

Problems in measuring inflation,

1. The quality of the product may change. As the price of mobile phones, but this may be due to inflation which can improve the function of the mirror.

2. Some consumers have different effective rates of inflation. Consumers who smoke will be done through raising the price of cigarettes. Old people in the family who live under the cold, more exposed to energy price increases. Young people can benefit fromConsumer prices

Questions / inflation costs - Why inflation is bad?

Prices on the economy created uncertainty. When the inflation rate, and is often unstable and unpredictable. These companies continue to invest because they can not determine their own future and the future costs. The lower cost of capital leading to lower long-term economic growth. High-inflation countries tend to have worse economicIn the medium term.
Inflation growth is not sustainable. If the economy is growing faster than the long-term trend growth rate lead to inflation, with the rise in demand faster than supply. In order to reduce the inflation rate, will increase the interest rate monetary policy, which will reduce inflationary pressure, but at a lower cost of growth. It may even cause long-term long-term decline. Continued low inflation rate will help to avoid big ups and downs in the economy.
Menu cost.This is a change in inventory costs. If prices rise, it needs time to update the price tag. This is less with the modern technology.
Shoes cost. When the inflation rate, people spend more time and effort to find the lowest price
Decline in exports. If a country's inflation rate is higher than its major trading partners, there would not be competitive and for sale, minus export.

More articles on inflation with the help of economics

The contents of the Republican Party. Obama, in his first State of the Union speech, 27 January 2010 No. 1 [14]

The contents of the Republican Party. Obama, in his first State of the Union speech, 27 January 2010 as part of [14] Farsi-speaking translator فارسی princeshadow16april8 2009 Nian 1 27, 2010 چهارشنبه 7 بهمن 1388 meeting Obama legislature repair professionals Xinhua The Associated Press White House issued a press © 2010 The Associated Press, 27 health care in January 2010, 07:33 PM WASHINGTON, onrush - vowed to change his commitment, Obama said his country strongly urges the Democratic and RepublicanOn Wednesday night, State of the Union Government to overcome the "lack of confidence, and come together to address the nation's broken health care system, high deficits and polarized politics. He is No. 1 for his valuable health care reform is the Congress is seriously threatened, is at a distance of legislative demand. "We are facing serious and difficult challenges," Obama said in his State of the Union in advance excerpts released by the White House. "What the American people want to --They deserve - is to overcome the weight of our political apathy, for all of us, Democrats and Republicans work hard through our differences. "Obama talks expected to take off, because he's the president has been stalled for a change - the chaotic health care debate, the crippled economy and errors, narrowly avoiding a disaster caused by the horrors of Christmas - what is the economy, concerns about seizure The reins, particularly in the minds of Americans. would be in his speech, PresidentAbout two-thirds of the time, on the economy, and stressed that his ideas, but mainly some old and new, and reiterated employment growth, moderate recovery of the fiscal deficit and ever-changing way in Washington. The root of the problem is the mood of voters, and now Obama's supporters, but said he how he governs. Advertising, he understood the struggle of Americans pay the bills, and banks to accept rescue and bonuses, Obama urged Congress to pass a second fiscal stimulus program, and provide newFinancial assistance for the middle class. Acknowledges that the Government's disappointment more than his spending habits, he is three years, to freeze some domestic spending (also proposed to increase 6.2 percent, or 400 million U.S. dollars, in the training stage and debt financing to support the work of the popular bill), he announced the establishment of the creation of a bipartisan deficit reduction task force. "Let's try common sense," Obama said in his speech excerpts. "Let's invest in our country in needTheir debt. "Although he is described as an ordinary man and the different types of leaders of the fighter, he urged Congress to require lobbyists to all Members or members of his government contacts, and slow down the decision of the Supreme Court announced last week that the impact of company can have greater support or oppose candidates for flexibility. "I do not think the United States shall be elected by the United States the most powerful interest groups funded, or even worse, foreign companies," he said.Obama speech, a number of new proposals, the White House reveals a lot in advance, was rejected - right or left deliberately - something too few or too modest. And for the Republican governor of Virginia, Bob Michael, showing his party sign of surrender against Obama. In fact, the Republican selection of McDonnell Douglas is to be represented symbolically shows that he and others recently by Republican electoral victory. McDonald expression of anti-bigThe Government saw the victory of their own feelings, and said in his speech after extract, Americans think the good of their health care burden, not only for the "best health care systems in the world turned to the federal government." As the traditional published in a at the end of Obama in the presidential, one of the largest markets after the acquisition of angry Republicans, Massachusetts, to reach the seats in the Senate, so the message National League weekHands pinned down on his leadership. With the turnover of the vast majority of Democrats in the Senate removed through the laws of most countries, but also clouds and Obama on health care agenda for the rest. Senate allies, for example, Wednesday said it hoped Japan levers package includes Obama's proposals, thus entering a new environment, query, and their demolition of the tax relief measures to reduce the right of small businesses and state and local help government. By the President of the AssociationThe former State pessimistic about the prospects for double-digit unemployment rate and the government deficit will hit a record high of 1.4 trillion dollars. It is also a growing concern about the party's presidential decline in the hope that it will conduct mid-term elections this fall.

Election in Pakistan - Pakistan

In February 2008 met Mirza, Pakistan, a typical family. How many of them did not experience the benefits of economic growth in Pakistan. , Now depends on the forthcoming elections they hope. In a dilapidated house, family life and 12 passed struggle. "Our development is no longer 20 or 30 years, because they only into their own pockets politicians and money," Hart complained. He hoped that the living standard has improved after the elections. But many people suspect that the elections free and fair.According to human rights organizations, institutions, freedom of expression is severely restricted, journalists, arbitrary arrests and distortions registered to vote. "What Musharraf said that the law would be," anticipates纳斯林米尔扎. It was also said that the new leaders to confront the military or extremists.

2005 Economic Update: The total remuneration for specific industries in 2005 budget projections

What are the new 2006 store? Research institutes have predicted, but the oil price instability, may lead to turn a positive prediction.

According to Michael Maciekowich, director of the National Astronomy solution, enterprises need to carefully check the eyes to the 2006 salary budget projections. "While inflation and unemployment remained stable in 2005, this change can be used as we are in 2006, has been strengthened.'s A barrel of oil, and now the priceIn the more than 60 U.S. dollars in price, may end up voting for the unemployed in the country influence. If consumers are spending the cash available outside of the non-durable goods, such as electronic transfer, fuel pump, the company can end the surplus of goods to enable them to reduce production. These events may lead to layoffs and rising unemployment. Rising unemployment, often leading to the weakening of the wage increase, due to labor supply. "

However, economists in the federal statesGovernment is optimistic. Congressional Budget Office (CBO) that the economy is a healthy growth rate. In considering the impact of inflation, according to the Congressional Budget Office, real gross domestic product (GDP), which is a country of all goods and services, the total value of annual production from 3.7% before 2006 which is 2% Point 9 of the pace.

What to say, the latest economic forecast, we expect the conditions in the coming yearCompensation budget plan? The Congressional Budget Office projected at 1.9% (2.4% and in 2005 the consumer price index) and the percentage change in the unemployment rate of 5.2% (no change compared with 2005).

Should be the year 2005-06 WorldatWork Salary Budget Survey, we estimate that in 2006 a slight decrease the use of variable pay programs to be seen. In 2005, the average economic incentives was 12.7%, employees will be exempted. 1 shows that the average household in 2006, forecasting a possible decline in incentive12.2%.

The following table is a summary of this year 2006, the average wage of 12 large enterprise groups in the interim budget level. These amounts are salary adjustments, including the benefits, promotion, market and stock markets. This table information is recently published by Mercer Human Resource Consulting, the U.S. Conference Board and the World Association of remuneration were collected.

Industry

2006 Basic Pay Adjustment

Legal and accounting services

4.0%

Business andInformation Services

3.9%

Computer software services

3.8%

Finance and banking

3.7%

Hospitality

3.7%

Insurance

3.7%

Healthcare

3.6%

Make

3.6%

Retail

3.6%

Transportation

3.6%

Education

3.3%

Property

3.3%

The following is the planned execution of a formal salary range or industry structure adjustment of wage levels of the exemption:

(Source:2005-06 WorldatWork Salary Budget Survey)

Industry

The 2006 budget salary structure adjustment

Transportation

3.6%

Property

3.1%

Hospitality

2.7%

Make

2.7%

Healthcare

2.5%

Retail

2.5%

Finance and banking

2.4%

Insurance

2.4%

Construction

2.3%

Business and Information Services

2.2%

Education

2.2%

Curious, how it compares to the U.S.The rest of the world? The following statistics are from the Chief Resources Ltd. (Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link) 2005-06 wage growth forecasts. When you start your own budget adjustments, the introduction of Zimbabwe can only be thankful you do not pay employees!

National

2006 inflation forecast

In 2006, an increasePlan

Australia

2.5%

4.0%

Belgium

1.6%

3.0%

Brazil

7.4%

6.9%

Canada

2.3%

3.0%

China

3.6%

5.1%

Egypt

9.6%

9.8%

Finland

0.5%

2.0%

France

1.8%

3.8%

Greece

2.8%

4.5%

IrishRepublic

2.6%

3.4%

Italy

2.0%

3.8%

Japan

0.1%

2.0%

Mexico

4.4%

6.0%

Nigeria

16.1%

16.2%

Norway

1.2%

3.5%

Puerto Rico

2.7%

4.0%

Russia

8.2%

10.0%

Spain

2.8%

5.1%

Sweden

0.8%

3.0%

United Kingdom

1.8%

3.2%

United States of America

2.6%

4.2%

Zimbabwe

120.0%

120.0%

Tianjin 2008 - World Economic Brainstorming

9 Nian 28 Yue www.weforum.org 2008 World Economic Brainstorming: Next Steps for sustainable growth in the world economy brainstorming (Web site) brings together industry leaders, policy makers and experts from the collective wisdom of their world the focus of future economic conditions, through a series of conference room-style round-table discussions and electronic voting systems are used to determine the future economic challenges and development opportunities. Our goal is to use the insights generated through two ...

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This documentary explores the People's Republic of China, should be subject to rapid economic development, in the 2008 Olympic Games in many changes. Mainland China ... farmers bid for the 2008 Olympic Games, a free market reforms, the rapid growth of the Communist Party Documentary

Economic Analysis of a layman

We all know that well-television hit the market data and the fact that we are on the U.S. economy. Almost also reminded that the oil machine is too large to understand it. However, even though he, like the characteristics of the machine, we tend to experience the life of the entity, such as depression, anxiety or aggression can imagine. In this sense, as one may never be anything other than a 'guess on our economic future' else? Today, you will receive --Answer this question.

Pages and data pages are any of your opinion, if you can not read something, how do you do. And understanding, you also have a little knowledge of economic indicators to measure the popularity and their true meaning. Today, we will hold a brief for a very important economic indicators, gross domestic product.

Gross domestic product, what is it?

Gross domestic product is estimated that within the scope of economic activity measurementAmerican Institute of Physics limited to one calendar year. Behind this is indeed a very complicated mathematics, but more fundamentally, we include all consumer goods, consumption and investment all the money and expenditures. This measurement is usually in the form of an amount, 13.5trillion U.S. dollars. This means that this year's 135 billion in goods, services, investment and technology development are taking place in U.S. dollars. Construction of milking all the spacecraftGross domestic product.

When GDP increases, we assume that we have created something more (such as dairy or cars). When the decline in gross domestic product, we expect less, we have created things. Of gross domestic product is as follows: First, a value of gross domestic product does not make any sense, if you have a book in preparation of reports. For example, doctors may not be aware of a disease diagnosis, and only the patient's temperature. Doctors also need to understand the patient's age, sex, weight, height, past illnesses, and many other economists also use a differentIndicators, and GDP in general the analysis of other indicators before the complete comparison. Today, we compare the two years of gross domestic product numbers: 2006 and 2007

2006 GDP: 11.3 trillion

2007 GDP: 11.5 trillion

We immediately see that our gross domestic product from 200 billion to 2007. Of course, we also believe that we 200B value of is now circulating in the market, the establishment of new products, to become everyone's lives better. The new 200B of the value of goods and services whoJobs and hope germination of more business growth. Long story short, when we see our growth in the gross domestic product, as a positive indicator rule. However, in some cases in an economic situation, the gross domestic product, and more effectively with the serious economic problems. In other words, growth in gross domestic product is not always a sign of economic prosperity.

In this part of the series 2, we will determine the inflation and consumer confidence index. Our basic in this series will be out of the final economic analysis of gross domestic product,Consumer confidence index, unemployment and taxation. After learning of these indicators, you can rest assured that held its primary economic analysis.

OGP HD interview Roba Geleto

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R & D Center 2004-2008: achievements and growth, economic development Straegies

Debt and the global financial crisis

Leverage is a process, it describes the debt relief. Companies generally use () of bonds in order to encourage them to grow, but if they are over the loss of rampant corruption in arrears, they are forced to use debt to reduce risk, mitigate their losses. Their balance sheet shows that relief, the company may be waived part of their debt, thereby reducing their overall risk profile. Leverage can have significant financial implications, if aCurrent assets of the company is trying to relax. In this case, debt relief means that an unreasonable discount sale of assets. This may lead to the establishment of security and lever downward pressure on asset prices, as more and more companies are relaxing their position in degraded desert

As in many financial blog on the Internet is the business world, said today, becoming a long-term state of decline in forced liquidation. This kind of environment hazards and traps, but theThere are also some unexpected investment opportunities. However, it must be very careful, they tried to look for buying opportunities, the economic situation is still very much in all respects ambiguous. It is impossible can not be said that if the leverage of this seemingly endless process has ended.

In the current world's financial markets are experiencing tremendous leverage has paralyzed a lot of money by making it nearly evaporate in the global economy. ItPerhaps the first time in history, this phenomenon has become such a huge debt, its influence - has been in almost all of the financial sector will be to establish long-term problems. We live in a historical period, it will fundamentally change the way our financial markets work. Such large-scale debt relief resulting from the global economy and our entire civilization, a new era.

Africa should now technology is its survival and economic development

Countries to maintain a static, and as population growth. Countries in Africa, infertility, and desertification and global warming, a threat to the African continent. The scarcity of raw materials on the African continent. If Africa will change for the solution?

Over the years, the mainland saw the magic of agricultural development in the new independent state. You can see, this is the curse of the agricultural potential of Africa. Do you have to purchase agricultural machinery,Fertilizer and animal medicines from the developed world and sell their products in the developed world thrown prices.

Now even worse, because a country's explosive source of conflict, threatening to tear apart the African countries, that is. Similarly, the land barren, and the risk of desertification.

Because of global warming, agriculture has become an unpredictable event. It is either long or too much rain dry. To inject more capital in agriculture is a veryPossible sources of discontent of farmers, which makes the population in Africa.

African countries have also claimed responsibility for the export of raw materials must be accompanied by time. Their income from raw materials did not earn too much, they disappear. Africa has been the source of diamonds, gold, copper, oil and other minerals in developed countries. The African answer lies in technology, their development efforts. In fact, Africa's population will increase, while landIs not other people, it would in other places, in order to maintain their livelihood. And hope that educated youth in terms of technology.

In the face of Africa's dwindling resources can not be wasted. Related technologies to reduce the amount of waste, improve recycling efforts, should be adopted by African countries. African countries need technology to increase their resources before export value.

In today's world trade, most of them technical. Africa and its young and growingPopulation education can not lag behind as the world's income share of struggles, from the technology trade. Ai Lunen Gougy an article last year, the national daily, 12 to be released in March 2008, entitled "We believe the industry, said:" President Yoweri Museveni during the meeting the East African Legislative Assembly. "Many people in East Africa is still dependent on agriculture, rather than in the industrial and services sectors. East Africa may not have enough job opportunities growing number of educationalPopulation. We do not have sufficient foreign exchange earnings, as we have) (in production industry, we will not collect enough tax. "

This technology will not only create employment opportunities in order to help affected by desertification and global warming caused by the treatment of African countries.

The definition of a recession - to understand the economic conditions of

Unless you live in a cave, in the past year has been heard and seen on the impending recession in the near future the possibility of coverage. If this is the case, you may be interested in the definition of a recession in order to better understand what this means, one of the economic recession. Through this article, you with the definition of a recession, in obtaining an overview.

From a purely technical point of view, a recession is defined as a country's gross domestic product fellOr at least two consecutive quarters of gross domestic product. In other words, with two or more negative economic growth for two consecutive quarters in a given year and the associated economic recession definition.

While this is a basic rule, the definition of a recession when the economy is used, it is not absolute. This definition of a recession does not always prove to be true. It is the National Bureau of Economic Research, as an entity - the business cycle dating committee, which decided in the end,Whether the U.S. economy into recession.

At the national Bureau of Economic Research does not use the specific definition of a recession. It does not use to determine the beginning or end of a recession method. On the contrary, the State Bureau of Economic Research believes that a period of time before a number of economic indicators to check whether to explain the rise and fall of economic recession.

In the ruling National Bureau of Economic Research, the extent of the economic recessionDefinitions apply to be accepted as a rule. At the national Bureau of Economic Research to determine whether a recession is defined criteria. At the national Bureau of Economic Research said:

"Economic recession is an economic activity throughout the economy dropped significantly, reaching more than a few months longer evident, usually in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, from the wholesale and retail trade. A recession has just ended, the economic activities of the busy and for economic purposesTo the bottom. "

If a recession is particularly long, it can be described as an economic depression. But the fact is the difference between recession and depression are not necessarily aware of this. When a depression, there are reasonable, there is a depression, when our gross domestic product or more than 10% of the gross domestic product. Economic collapse, would be a serious depression or a period of time as defined in theHyperinflation.

Although this is a certain degree of ambiguity when it comes to the definition of a recession, that information, you can see this article helpful to help you in the future, when economic recession, there have been more in-depth understanding.

Milton Friedman - Greed

In his book "Capitalism and Freedom" (1962) Milton Friedman (12 years to 2006), arguing that the free market as to minimize the creation of political and social freedom means that the government role. One coming from Phil Donohue in 1979, an excerpt from an interview. en.wikipedia.org ... economic philosophy of government policies Donahue capitalism, communism, socialism, freedom of

Central Texas blast - in the rapid growth in and around Austin

From the population of Austin, Texas, has its ups and downs of view. 90 years in the 20th century during the technology boom, Austin (formerly a sleepy college town) population increased significantly. However, when the high-tech boom around the year 2000 collapse, many of these new employment opportunities and people from leaving the capital once again.

From about 2004, however, things begin to reverse back up in Austin. Recovery in technology stocks, as well as many other cities are beginning to open stores so well. Now,The dust has settled, let's figure it:

In the past 10 years, the Austin population has increased by 40%. This is a city in the United States more than three times the average growth rate.

Now, we also see tremendous development in Austin, near the town. Excellent schools, large shopping areas and the revitalization of the stimulus, such as roads Dell, Cedar Park, Leander, Texas, Hatto, and the central city population growth.

Therefore, we have takenTake a look at the future of this matter neighbor's Austin:

Texas Round Rock - Home Central Dell Computer, Dell, friendly and high-tech Austin, near the town. In large-scale road improvement works have recently attracted solve the traffic problems that plagued the city and greatly improve their quality of life and Round Rock's work.

Cedar Park, Texas - Austin in the northwest has undergone dramatic changes in the city than in the pastA number of years will be in a medium-sized mainly in rural areas, a new health and shopping facilities in the city. A large-scale highway improvement measures, such as the 183 toll road, there are a lot easier to commute from Cedar Park, Austin (and others).

Hatto - in writing Hatto is the fastest growing cities in Texas. Hatto is located about 25 miles northeast of Austin. It marks the eastern edge of what is the Texas hills. In 1990, there is a HattoA population of about 630 today, the city's population is much higher than 17000, and is expected to reach 30,000 in the next decade or more.

Leander, Texas - the city's 20,000 + has been the best school district in central Texas, are fast-growing part of one of the reasons. A city of some of the new creation, to meet the growing population, including some custom home community of Crystal Falls.

Central TexasOf course, more and more leaps and bounds. However, when the media referred to this growth, they are just generally limit their coverage to Austin. Austin is a great place to live and work, but there are many fast-growing city (with a lot of character) around the country's capital.

Histogenous Economic Report

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A new method of multilateralism in the financial crisis

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Aluminum War - Russian aluminum companies and the Russian economy, a new driving force

Aluminum is also not an exciting or interesting metal a lot of people, but a new book, "Black Mafia Andrei Kalitin" an overview can be seen that the so-called aluminum wars, "wages and living Claims more than 100 stories.

From this turbulent time, the Russian aluminum companies to become one of Russia's new economic power symbol.

Russia has become not only an economic strength of aluminum, it is important that, in a range of goods on the world economy.

TheAluminum War

In the "aluminum wars" of the 20th century cottage in Russia 90 years the struggle for control of rival. Today, the fighting, those elapsed days, and in the end of the war has emerged - but the emergence of the Russian Aluminum Company, which is how much to use.

Of course, there are winners and losers in the war aluminum, which is in the new book, the "mafia black" Andrea Katitin (he recently claimed that his shoulder is his apartment, he believes that in contact Gunmen shot the book) "MafiaBlack "is a huge change in the Russian society and economy in general during the period fascinating reading.

The rise in the global arena, the Russian oligarch

In the "aluminum wars of the story," The interests are many observers of Russian society, there is a period in the country during the transition period covered by the free market economy of the old Soviet economic constraints.

An important issue, many observers in Russia are interested in, is - like the super-richRussia to make their money?

This interest is to improve, one of the richest man in Russia, in the west of London, went out to buy Chelsea Football Club. Roman Abramovich is Russia's oligarchs, which rules the West was not known at this time, but now it is a household name.

Him from Chelsea Football Club the amount of 140 million U.S. dollars, and more than 500 million U.S. dollars have been spent on the club - a big number, but small changes, the second wealthiest person in Russia.

However, he is how toReally?

Through a variety of companies in turbulent times, the old growth in the Soviet Union. Changes in the aluminum industry, he is seen as the "aluminum wars conclusion."

So why are there 100 people were killed, why is there so much time to dispute it?

Stakes are high, in the Russian aluminum industry, today demonstrated their glimpse of how high, involving what is finacially. Today, the Russian aluminum industry consolidationAs a Russian Aluminum, or Rusal designated enterprise -.

The rise of the Russian Aluminum Company

The company is a true heavyweight in the aluminum industry. 5 large smelter in Siberia, and the two large oil refineries - but its impact has been to go a lot, but it is now a global player.

Russian Aluminum company has recently overtaken the United States in the world, after Alcoa and Alcan, its biggest rival SUAL merger, as the world's largest aluminum producer.

Rusal behind the facts clearly show the importance of itsWorld metal and foil industry. Rusal is the world's largest aluminum and alumina producer, 12%, the world aluminum market has been in 19 countries, 15% of the global production and operation, and has about 10 million people.

Russian companies going global

Oleg Deripaska, Russia is the undisputed king and aluminum Pascal, is Russia's richest and most influential entrepreneurs is one of Russia's oligarchs, the new economic power is one of reflectionRussia.

He is currently an excellent connection to the regime, he was former President Boris Yeltsin by a marital relationship and proximity to Vladimir Putin.

"War of the aluminum, at a time," Russia is trying to carry out with the old Soviet-style economic transition to a new free-market disputes. Many Western observers saw only a recession and corruption, and she will never return period of the Russian economy - But today, the perceptionRussia has very different.

Russia needs the status on the world stage

Russia's large number of goods and raw materials prices for natural reserves are rising fast.

Putin, as a re-activate the loss of great power status, Russia, by way of the booming oil and commodity prices.

Russia is to be taken seriously than ever before from the old Soviet Union's political and economic level.

This is a very important feedingWith the global economic growth and in the "turbulent times of war contribute to aluminum foil, the Russian Aluminum United Company was established commodity in the world" is one of its mirrors.

Today, Russia is to restore their national pride, and can serve as a major economic power status. If the Russian aluminum company, is that the Russian economy in recent years to reflect major changes.

From "Al-turbulent period of war," characterized by "mafiaBlack, "a key player in world commodity markets, Russia has once again become the driving force of the global economy.

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Who should be on high gasoline prices to Blame?

Tired of the hard-hit gas tanks crazy high oil prices? Me too! International crude oil prices are updated each pair of oil into the screaming headlines. The most disturbing facts, news headlines, this is only the beginning. How much money?

Who is responsible? Lets review some of the reasons, you need to pump more than the shell.

This oil shell game to destroy millions of lives. If the voltage isResponsibility in the Middle East? Is a major petroleum company, an empty laugh all the way to the bank, and in your budget? Therefore, if we want to thank these price volatility? It is the battle between businessmen to enter the long-term or short-term crude oil futures contracts trading in large banks? Are all connected to the Alberta oil sands do?

The most commonly heard reason is that there is a by China and India's explosive economic growth in oil demand increased significantly. NationalJustcan't production of oil it needs. Even Saudi Arabia has recently announced that it has always been the supply to meet demand, the market yawned.

Is there any truth to this argument is that?当然. This is very important? No

To go out at full speed in recent years has led to increased demand for oil economy. The fact is, about 4% of the world's population and 25% of world oil use, the U.S. accounts. However, this is not the only reason for oil --The pain of higher prices.

Demand for oil, although not 100 percent, oil prices rose in the past 11 months. What is this picture?

For more than a generation, affecting the dollar price of goods. A strong U.S. dollar most of the time led to lower oil and gold prices. Weakening of the dollar has reached an incredible leading an unprecedented commodities. Goods are in U.S. dollars, the product price to compensate for changes inValue of the dollar.

Lower U.S. dollar exchange rate, prompting oil and the price of gold moves, so you remain at the pump. Since September, 2007, Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke, interest rates seven times, the biggest reduction occurred in 2008 these reductions. During the same period, in September 2007 rose by 69.26 U.S. dollars price of oil in April 2008 to 110 Yuan, a price cut of. Today, the price of oil is about 130 per barrel.

This provides an explosive mixFor the drivers. Hard-working Americans to pay 1 dollar depreciation of gas stations to thank Mr. Bernanke gasoline prices. Lower interest rates to help the real estate crisis, bank. On the contrary, it helps the dollar's value and impact of relatively small increase in gasoline retail prices.

I do not want to say, but the dealers are mainly large-scale commodities and futures products fueled the bubble. For any bubble to take over the emotions. "This time difference." If historyTell us what you have never different this time. They continue to view that demand for oil will feed power to more than $ 200 oil prices, they do not want to miss the opportunity.

So, what can you do? In the next article, we will tell you how to use the benefits of this trading opportunities.

2007 Africa - Closing Plenary

Okonjo-Iweala, Distinguished Fellow, Global Economy and Development, Brookings Institution, the U.S. National Malvinder Misinger, Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director, Ranbaxy Laboratories, India, co-chairman of the World Economic Forum Global Youth in Africa Leader Michael Spence, professor emeritus of Stanford University's closing remarks ... Haikeaer Field World Economic Forum 2007 World Economic Forum in Cape Town, Thabo Mbeki, the African Africa07 Burns Malvinder Xingeaer Field Yvette Alamo Ibrahim critical analysis of...

Paul Ryan in Washington agenda, bread, butter

www.facebook.com www.twitter.com www.house.gov www.house.gov I am very concerned about the crony capitalism, where the big boys in Washington, and the small reduction in the left sideline guys worried about their transactions. I have this ongoing fear. In this year's agenda: the upper limit of the energy sector acquisitions and transactions, take over the health services trying to do before Christmas, Bill, a substantial increase in budget authority, as 24% in fiscal 2008 and financial sector reform. ..

China rising 1 (108)

This documentary explores the People's Republic of China, should be subject to rapid economic development, in the 2008 Olympic Games in many changes. Mainland China ... farmers bid for the 2008 Olympic Games, a free market reforms, the rapid growth of the Communist Party Documentary

Camko city, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (1)

Investment funds will ultimately lead to Khmer citizens to build a city. An economic analyst, said this type of competition will be the investment of any country, rather than in Cambodia will be accepted. "In the announcement for the Cambodian Development Council, about 2 billion U.S. dollars of capital, this figure is to be used in the development of the report, described as part of economic growth in Cambodia, but ultimately the company's development of the production there is no flour cake, because it is ...

Stock Exchange and the importance of global economic growth,

Stock markets around the world have experienced substantial growth. Economic recession, the obstacles we face today the role of sadness and growth, which also applies to the stock market sector. Experience in emerging markets, the investment in the stock market has risen sharply.

Better profits are a viable option as the main reason for stock market investors. In developing countries with low rate of return is generally higher. Banking Research and StatisticsSM has also proven to give developing countries a better benefits, so the diversity is of great significance not only is your investment in various industries across the country, but also spread to a variety of different portfolio investment in developing countries.

Show structural reform in developing countries, economic and legal changes, eliminating one or restrictions on capital account liberalization the government, which is a blessing to foreign investors. All major financial centers to improve processesInformation and increase investor laws and regulations, foreign investors only waving in developing countries. Foreign investors think that this is a good opportunity to scoop up some money and help, if at home happy.

While foreign investors samarium prosperity, we must be careful with the economic recession, the economy is really difficult and the international markets will take some time to beat. The growth of economic turmoil and the country, changing the number ofFactors, there will be negative returns, even in developing countries.

The Asian market is seeing a lot of attractiveness to foreign investors. Investors want to profit, while the Latin American and Asian countries are rapidly than gold as soon as possible the impact of samarium. But do not forget that emerging countries outside the capital growth and survival, and offer financial and capital inflows in emerging economies need to benefit from it. But the emerging economies should be takenCare should be noted that the rapid growth of debt, and shall take appropriate measures to the greatest advantage of utilizing foreign investment.

Banks and the stock market go hand in hand in order to provide a stable economy. An encouraging stock markets in developing countries a miracle. This will lead to the growth of capital and promote a barometer to a new level. Whether the banks and the stock market is encouraging capital accumulation and thus help improve the productivity of healthIn all regions.

Britain will enter a recession

Recession is a negative growth economy in the last two quarters. In the post-war period the United Kingdom's economic boom and bust cycles of economic growth. A high inflation and high growth after a period of growth, in the economic recession. However, since 1992, the United Kingdom's economic growth a long time, the longest sustained growth in this century occurred. It seems that the UK has been temporarilyTo avoid the risk of a recession, but despite the forecast is positive, there are many factors that could cause the U.S. economy into recession in the United Kingdom.

Possible reasons for the economic recession might include:

1. Decline in home prices. Britain's economic dependence on the housing market strong. Most people have a home, hire is not common on the European continent. Borrowing costs are 1% of the income is high, because people from a large number of mortgage loans.

If house prices fall, then it's negative balanceEffect, this decline in private consumption and the negative impact of anti-dumping. Some say that house prices are overvalued because of speculation. However, some others believe that the UK market because of supply and the scarcity of consistent high quality. However, the housing market is easy, even a small increase in interest rates. When interest rates will increase borrowing costs, there will be consumer demand and consumption has dropped significantly.

2. In addition, a record highBorrowing by consumers, the U.S. economy may affect interest rates, an increased significantly. Savings rate has reached historic lows. When interest rates rise, then this is the immense suffering caused to consumers.

3. The decline of the manufacturing sector. In a very long time, the competitiveness of British manufacturing industry is still not with the rest of the world. Mainly because of competition from Asian countries, lower labor costs. Sector in the UK more and moreUnemployment, the unemployment rate rose to 5% (ILO Labor Force Survey to go)

4. High government borrowing. Surrounding the loss of government revenue has increased. This will reduce the impact of consumer spending.

5. The global economic downturn. If the world economic slowdown is reduced to reduce exports to the United Kingdom to obtain confidence in the economy needs. It is very important to the globalizing world economy.

6. Some people think that the interest rateAre kept artificially low to buy from China and other Asian countries needs to enter the UK, especially the United States debt. If for some reason, this is the end. Increase in interest rates to try to address current account imbalances and the level of national savings.

7. Rise in oil prices. In the past two years, oil prices once again become the past, this is often enough to trigger a recession increase. This time was different, because the price rise is caused by the high demand forRather than supply-side shocks. However, if the oil price () continue to rise, many analysts predict oil prices will be on with the business cost pressures on inflation. In order to maintain the interest rate monetary policy, the Government's inflation target can be added. Therefore, the decline triggered AD

However, the British economic growth is projected at 3% next year. This is because consumer spending is a violation of low interest rates and low inflation forecast to remain stable. However, when theIs a slight increase in interest rates, growth rate may be too optimistic about (last year). This may be sufficient to reduce consumer and business confidence. Thus began a recession.

The United Kingdom and the United States into recession?

The current housing market collapse, only the first of many crises redemption

As the economy of all the bad news every day, as well as housing prices and foreclosures hit a record number of people continued to fall, it seems, just not how the situation is usually more serious. Unfortunately, the current figures reported to underestimate the number of foreclosures over the previous year before the foreclosure problem, because over the past few months, she walked the streets of the legal system.

This means that a high redemption rate has not yet begun to reflect theWhat is the real estate market, especially now that the only figures, because their mortgages, many property owners, almost half a year ago, on behalf of more delays. Redemption of a period in the post-foreclosure auction, some states, the owner is currently no one to stay for more than a year or two years of economic figures, depending on the courts and the banks are lagging far behind the pursuit of the loss of homeowners in arrears foreclosure proceedings.

All currentThe coming economic collapse, and is likely to be designated as a country or a people's healthy growth of the measures "the word" end. Even now, because it is increasingly difficult from a problem or other, banks, investment companies and governments to work together to maintain the illusion of steady growth. However, to date is still an illusion, corruption and fraud, and manipulation of numbers left to cook the books.

Various kinds of trickshave been used for years to create an illusion of economic growth, when the reality of the situation is simply that more people are working longer hours for more of their lives and never getting ahead. Elderly couples who receive too little from Social Security and retirement accounts to pay their bills have to work, which means economic growth. People who eat out everyday contribute more to economic growth than families who make their own meals. Computers get faster, so In dealing with numbers higher than the economic growth, although the difference may be negligible. This illusion of progress at the expense of personal satisfaction is the growth in almost all the official account.

Both sides benefit from the sub-prime and the two presidential candidates who have already obtained to connect to the company, many of the victims of poverty and homelessness mortgages. No matter who won theThe White House, this corruption of unlimited economic growth is less than the expected long-term advocacy roots still firmly in the public. With economic development, the same is true of the legal provisions and control, often limit the personal freedom to be rewarded and political corruption-related lobby groups.

Is due to the country into a deep recession than in the past several decades of experience in June 2008 for the most serious in JuneSince 1930, the stock market, the owners may be looking for their families and foreclosures in the donor community. Even if the local banks can remain open to avoid casualties, major money center bank's financial operations, micro-credit borrowers in the coming years it is available. Local solutions will retain a number of groups, good health, while the sub-prime mortgage crisis is not too fat to reach ghost towns across the country.

World Economic Forum in Davos, Erdogan, Shimon Peres 2009 - Davos

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Download your guide to Forex Fundamental Analysis

Understood that the primer-driven foreign exchange transactions

Good traders know that their basic rights

"It's like a doctor asked him if he or charts of patients with the diagnosis and treatment monitoring of the conditions it likes. You need two."

- Bruce Kovner, the world's largest and most experienced one of the currency speculators.

Explain the four basic economic indicators

First growth

An indicator"The country's GDP growth. A growth in gross domestic product, due to strong economic growth will contribute to the amount of major currencies, the currency strength of the desire of investors. You should note that there is a high-inflation increase in also led to gross domestic product, which will lead to currency depreciation.

2. Interest

Healthy economic growth is the increase in speculative activities. Government began to raise interest rates toTo curb excessive speculation.

Interest rates will increase the currency traders rushed's leading currency, the value of the bid. This is because they always strive to achieve their own money for the high rate of return.

The only exception is if the Fed to improve as a political response to rapid growth in interest rates, but as a means to curb inflation. This led to a weak currency.

A high level of interest in one currencyDoes not guarantee understanding, if it is because of the high inflation, rather than the strong economic growth.

3. Trade

The balance of trade in goods and services flow between the two countries. A trade surplus of more than imports than exports. A trade deficit means more exports than imports'. The trade balance of goods and services only.

A trade surplus means that the currency will appreciate, in other countriesBid to acquire its goods and services. Trade deficit, currency devaluation, because they sell in other parts of the world currencies, commodities and services purchased.

4. Political stability

The foreign exchange market does not like it, because of political instability caused great uncertainty on future economic growth. With the strong economic growth of countries often see their currencies decline, if there is a more important, political unrest and other political flavorScandal or corruption within the Government.

3 theory, in the long run the impact of foreign exchange market

In our discussion of the theory, I would like to emphasize is that these theories will affect the foreign exchange market to a certain extent, but these theories have their limitations. Theory is the so-called theory because some of the key assumptions may not be the true situation.

The foreign exchange market only in those theories is not recommended. AndThese strategies are based on the impact of long-term direction of the currency. The impact of these factors, the direction of the currency during the period of 5 to 20 years.

Is important that investors understand the underlying drivers in the long run, even though it may not have the necessary currency in order to reflect today's conditions.

What is the balance of payments theory

The balance of payments include: two current and capital accountsAccounts;

The current account measures trade in material and finished products. Surplus or deficit between exports and imports as the trade balance. A trade surplus of more than imports than exports. Trade deficit, exports not only to import more.

Capital account measures the flow of funds, such as stocks or bonds.

Note: The description of the transfer of assets, but considers that this model, with operating funds and outflows帐户.

Balance of payments theory

Imports more than exports, have more money than the inflow of runoff, they say, there is trade deficit. Although different countries, more than imports, exports more money than the flow of run-off experience, they say, there is trade surplus.

Theory suggests that the balance of payments, the trade deficit countries to devalue their currencies, as the country's currency to sell more of market experienceImported from abroad. Selling pressure caused by the devaluation of national currency against other currencies.

Similarly, the country's trade surplus with ASEAN countries with appreciating currencies will appear. This is because more goods are sold abroad, with foreign currency to buy goods to buy. The sale of other foreign pressure to appreciate the national currency.

In general expected, the country's experience, positive or negative贸易. Is important that countries should strike a balance, so that the trade deficit can not continue for a long time to achieve, so it is not conducive to the country's economy. This policy should be implemented to return to surplus in trade deficit to come back the next calendar year.

Limit

International balance of payments model focuses on trade in goods and a breach of international capital flows. This is established in 1990, is to play an important role in capital flowsAffecting the country's exchange rate.

Thus, a country can have trade deficit, but because he was so large capital flows, such as more money in the total flow. The model is not considered capital, more money, since this year, obviously.

Monetary Model

This model is, the exchange rate is the monetary policy decisions by the state.

Restrictive monetary policy means that the central bank will sell its assets to the nationInvestments and loans in the open market to the public. Therefore, these actions will help to reduce the money supply, currency appreciation into a country.

While monetary policy, central bank cut, it will mean that the central bank's stocks and bonds back to the public on the open market to buy. As a result, which will enhance the country's money supply, leading to currency depreciation.

There are several factors that affect the rate:

1. The state's moneySupply

2. Expect that the future level of the country's money supply

3. Money growth rate of a nation

Limit

This model is more effective in preventing currency appreciation to vigorously promote a country's currency devaluation. Few economists only in this model, because they do not take into account the trade and capital flows.

Theory of the real interest rate differential

Interest Rate TheoryCountries have high interest rates, to see their currencies appreciate, while the low interest rates, countries should see their currencies would fall.

Basic Mode

If a country will raise interest rates, you will find the money income in these countries more attractive, the international investors turned their money. This process means that investors who buy the currency levelUse their own money, where high yields. Therefore, the country's currency will appreciate.

If lower interest rates, a better international investors to put their money so that they can get better returns. This will lead investors to sell the currency, so that they can move it overseas. Because of this strong pressure to sell the national currency of the results will lead to lose its value.

This phenomenon is another long-term investorsAlways looking for a higher rate of return to their money invested in is called carry trades.

Limit

The main disadvantage of this model is that it not take into account a country's current account, which is held on capital flows. Such as political stability, inflation and economic growth factors, not considered. Therefore, this model can not be all the time.

Free will in this on your web site or the use of electronic journal articlesAs long as the author of the following information / websites included.

Economic growth and poverty reduction - the poor growth of the work,

1. Introduction

As to whether it will lead to economic growth, poverty reduction is a very controversial issue. Neo-liberal view, this issue is the poor growth is good, and through economic growth to alleviate poverty. In this article, I believe that if the poor to the importance of participation in the economic and constraints, thus hindering their labor force participation, growth will not only help to reduce poverty. NationalShould also play a pro-poor growth, through pro-poor policies has an important role. In the following paragraphs, I will determine what is pro-poor growth, to clarify the restrictions, pro-poor growth, what can be done to ensure that growth is pro-poor.

2. Definition: pro-poor growth

After Ravillion and Sadat (1991:19), pro-poor economic growth can be defined as "growth, and includes pro-poor." In other words, the need for pro-poor growth in theMaximum participation in all areas of marginalized groups. Ravallion and Dutt that further pro-poor growth, characterized by, among other things, what they call "extreme poverty, who is in an invincible position is not a deliberate move out of poverty. Essentially, it has made progress parameter is The poor need help or intervention, so this means that to benefit from growth. This is pro-poor economic growth is a deliberate measure, pro-poor economic growth, not toTo give up when the poor, the "invisible hand of the market's fate. This is a favorable environment for the definition of things, where the poor have the opportunity to participate in economic significance.

Took place in Kydd et al (2001:10) pro-growth, in the following conditions:

 price or trading products to enhance productivity high, and the poor, the average share of consumption.

 trading price and increase productivityProducts and poor, high labor input.

 changes in technology or reduce barriers to market entry, it will not lead to the poor in the production of non-traded goods that they previously did not participate in or

 or in a large number of non-poor, the production of goods or services, the request to extend the poor as a connection, and then disposing of or the result.

It is important to note that not all of the growth pro-poor. Here are someCharacteristics and aspects of growth tilt to the poor is not:

 Differences in the distribution of wealth

 an increase in poverty in the rural areas

 growth, agricultural development, even though his role in the fight against poverty ignored

 lack of health care and education, in their fight against poverty to play a key role in the investment

 do not reduce inequality and lack of procedures on the needs of the poor(Www.seurities.com).

As Acocella (1998:162) pointed out, it is important to remember that growth does not necessarily produce such a fact: human development. Growth may occur in a significant impact on human development, especially the poor view. Acocella also claims that the real development or growth occurred in improving the welfare of the people. Growth will not lead to improvement of the people who can not say that the development of the nature of benefits. Real growth, such as iron --Et al (2002:4) note, the people, meaning "to contribute to poverty alleviation and development leader in the benefits from this growth. Obviously, there is pro-poor growth is not automatic, failed to implement appropriate measures to help promote their the embodiment of experience. The current policies and practices may impede pro-poor growth, rather than through. I investigated some of the next section.

3. Restrictions on pro-poor growth

ForPro-poor growth has taken place in any society, it is important to ensure that all of the obstacles impeding the achievement of its objectives the poor. Failure or reluctance to go with these obstacles can prevent the poor progress and obstacles, the ultimate strategy to combat poverty and poverty success. The following are constraints may have a negative impact of pro-poor growth in part:

3.1 inequality and lack of access to markets

It is difficult toThe inequality in the pursuit of the characteristics of the poor by the state preferential policies in favor. Stewart that (1995:209), which is difficult to develop a conducive pro-poor policies in the unequal society. He gives an unequal society, such as Ghana, Mexico and the Philippines example, in his view, economic growth has not made any impact on the poor. These companies started with Indonesia, "there is an equal structure, and pro-, rather than pro-poor growth pattern. Other examples are purely the EastAsian companies, this is due to dramatically reduce transaction with the inequality of poverty level of effective strategies. This means that exists between the relationship between poverty and inequality. May (2002:2) also shows that the policy pursued by the apartheid government in South Africa to reduce poverty and inequality is not good, because they are out of the country's economy to participate in some groups. The spread of inequality has led to the loss of these assetsFrom land and livestock, and deprived of an opportunity to capitalize on these advantages in market access, infrastructure and education restrictions.

And the inequality problem is that it leads to social exclusion, in which certain groups have no chance or services. From the importance of participation in the economy, thus affecting their welfare exclusion of the poor. In the economic situation of high inequality, the poor usually receive a higher benefit from the share,Comparison of growth, which is characterized by a highly unequal economy. , As Ravallion and Dutt (1997:7), "inequality of material wealth and human resources are likely to affect the poor the opportunity to participate in economic growth." This policy pro-poor is to ensure that the poor access to markets and infrastructure. Obviously, in cases, there is no equality between the different social economic class,Market forces and Adam Smith's invisible hand of the dependence in order to meet their basic needs only wishful thinking.

3.2 Financial constraints

Governments of developing countries in particular, it is difficult to achieve pro-poor growth strategies and poverty reduction approach to financial constraints. Structural adjustment programs in most cases, make things worse. The reality is that usually associated with challenges in order to reduce government spending, are faced withSocial services, which is supposed to benefit the poor. This means that it took basic services, such as health, education and other basic services with less money. Reduction in public expenditure, while in (Howard) a direct impact on poor 2001:57. However, it is important to point out that countries are trying to solve their attempt to adopt such an anti-poverty struggle in the face of the global challenges of the measures and restrictions, the pursuit of good. This is one on a less "command state global pressures," the role of the acquisitionEconomy.

3.3 reduce the role of the state

Market liberalization and globalization go, is a rollback, among other things, lobbying for the country, for the price and quantity restrictions, the lifting of being moved and stored. As Howard (2001:57) rightly pointed out that "financial liberalization increases poverty and inequality." In the context of globalization, the government was forced to open their markets. However, the crucial question whether theMarket liberalization to benefit the poor. They have different reactions. Some people think that, especially in the opportunities of globalization whose benefit the poor, which has trade and new markets. On the other hand, there are some who think it is harmful.

Shown Vincent (2001:11), globalization 'poverty in some countries, damage to other countries. Although the general requirements of a country to roll back "to theMarket work (if they work it), the state play a role not to do so, especially in the matter, the people themselves. This is especially the poor, who were in employment there is no age, disability, chronic illness or for other reasons can not be based on social exclusion or discrimination can participate. By Frost (1995:253), these people's poverty, can not be deleted, or through the promotion of the market, but deliberately"The pressure of social services and transfer payments and eliminate discrimination. On reducing the role of government in the economy can be pro-poor growth of the negative impact of focus.

Should be pro-poor growth, the state re-allocation of resources and opportunities, through the key role of the transfer of assets, poor public expenditure priorities and management have played a market liberalization, in order to protect the livelihoods of vulnerable人们. The steel reinforcing bars, etc. (2002:19) points out, is "a tool for the government in the development process in person. Therefore, the Government can play the right strategy for handling to play a key role in pro-poor growth in poverty.

4. What can be done to enable the poor to benefit from it?

The following are these things must be done to benefit the poor a few:

 there is a need to focus on human capital development, especially the poor to enable them to prepareMeaningful participation in the economy.

 The poor need better access to markets, credit, mainly --

 there is a opposed to public spending, taxation, trade and regulatory environment, poor bias to be corrected.

5. Conclusion

Pro-poor growth policy is to be effective in reducing poverty. In 2015, income poverty target of halving the population can be achieved, if the State can adopt pro-poor growth strategies. This will be theThe difficulty is not a "pro-goal by 2015, the changes in the distribution pattern to achieve pro-poor" (Mutum 2000). Something needs to be done to improve the situation of the poor, how to make improvements in market access for them easier. It is noteworthy that, even in some cases, the operation of the market, they can not always pro-poor work, given the limitations discussed above.

If these restrictions are not processed or removed, growth will not have a significant impact on lifeThe poor. It is necessary to learn from the mistakes of the past on the relationship between growth and poverty reduction. Sen (1986, cited in Goldman Sachs shows 1991:292) that: "The State in another difficult to say that the so-called trickle-down" is the wrong theoretical study, growth can be poverty of the famine boom also occurred when people claim is not purchase and / or food needs, in order to survive, "production

GivenThe extent of poverty in the world today, when the need for strategies or in poverty reduction has changed the practice of pro-poor growth. This means, among other things, understanding, growth itself is not to eradicate poverty. Ian Goldin, World Bank director, said the importance of the future pro-poor growth: "We want to understand economic growth, if necessary, not sufficient to deal with poverty" (Sunday Times, September 1, 2002:15).

6. References

Acocella, note 1998th economic value basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Iron, man, Rosenbatt, D, and Stern, note 2002nd conditions are conducive to India's poor growth. http://www.arts.cornell.edu/eco/India

Howard, J.2001. To make globalization work for the people. Basic rights of work: overview and perspectives ,122:55-60

Kydd ĵ, Ward, Azerbaijan, Marrison, J and Cadisch Bay, 2001. In the role of pro-poor growth in agriculture.[http://www.wye.ac.uk/Ag]

Levinson. J. 2000. Globalization and poverty. University of Michigan. Ford School of Public Policy, the National Bureau of Economic Research.

May, J. 2000. Growth, development and Philip inequality, D (next) version. Poverty and inequality in South Africa: The challenge. Cape Town and London: Czech Civic Press.

Mu Tong Bay, 2001. Finance: the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank's policy in favor to the poor? http://www.oneword.org/ips2/angoo.

Pieterse, if the 2000thDevelopment theory: deconstruction and reconstruction. London: SAGE Publication.

Rui Wolin, M, and Dart Bay, 1999. If there is pro-poor growth: from India, the country's various experiences of the evidence? [http://netec.mcc.ac.ukl/wopec/data/papers]

Stewart, Lou 1995th adjustment and poverty. London: Routledge

Streeten, PP 1995th thinking development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Group.

Sachs, a 1991st of poverty, progress and development. London:Keegan Paul International and UNESCO.